What is ceramic made of? Learn about the different types of clay bodies and 4 types of ceramics
As we've mentioned before, the ceramics that many people are familiar with are often used in daily life, whether it's tableware, plates, bowls, cups, vases, plant pots, as well as home decor and various ceramic artworks.
This group of ceramics falls into the category of Traditional Ceramics, which are ceramic products made from natural raw materials. The main raw materials include black clay, white clay, red clay, feldspar, sand, limestone, weathered rock, quartz, and other minerals. These raw materials are mixed and then shaped and fired at different temperatures to create ceramic bodies with unique properties.
Common Types of Ceramic Clay Bodies
When categorized by common ceramic product body types, they can be divided into four main types: Porcelain, Stoneware, Bone China, and Earthenware. Each type differs in terms of raw materials, firing temperature, strength, and water absorption.
1. Porcelain
Porcelain is a ceramic fired at high temperatures, typically around 1,250°C or higher. The body is highly durable, dense, and has a very low water absorption rate, close to zero. It is therefore suitable for products requiring precision, strength, and beauty, such as tableware, tea sets, or high-quality decorative items.
2. Stoneware
Stoneware is a ceramic fired at medium to relatively high temperatures, typically around 1,150–1,200°C. It is strong and dense, suitable for everyday use. Its water absorption rate is lower than earthenware but generally higher than porcelain. The actual water absorption depends on the clay body formula and firing temperature.
Due to its strength and versatility, stoneware clay is one of the most popular clay bodies in ceramic sculpting and pottery.
3. Bone China
Bone China is a ceramic containing bone ash, which contributes to its fine white body and translucency when made into thin pieces. It also boasts high strength and low water absorption, making it commonly used for producing exquisite tableware, dinnerware sets, and porcelain.
4. Earthenware
Earthenware is a ceramic fired at relatively low temperatures, typically around 900–1,100°C. The clay body is porous and has a relatively high water absorption rate compared to porcelain and stoneware, making it less strong. However, its advantage lies in its ability to create a variety of surfaces and colors.
Earthenware is thus a popular clay body for pottery, ceramic art, and decorative work, especially for pieces that seek to highlight the natural charm of the clay's texture and color.
Note: The firing temperature and water absorption values for each ceramic type may vary depending on the raw material formula and production process. Therefore, the figures mentioned are approximations to help understand the overall characteristics of each ceramic type.
Next time you hear the word "ceramic," try to think broader, because this material is closer to us than we realize, and there's still so much more for us to learn about it!